Ko ngā rauemi hanga whare ngā mea matua o te hanganga, e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga, te momo, me ngā pānga o tētahi whare. Ko ngā rauemi hanga tuku iho ko te kōhatu, te rakau, te pereki uku, te raima, me te gypsum, ko ngā rauemi hanga hou ia ko te maitai, te sima, te raima, te karāhe, me te kirihou. He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia o ēnei, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te hanganga.
Rauemi hanga tuku iho
1. Kohatu
Ko te kōhatu tētahi o ngā rauemi hanga tawhito i whakamahia i roto i te hītori o te tangata. He nui ngā taonga rahui, he whānui te horapa, he pai te hanganga, he kaha te pēhi, he pai te ātete ki te wai, he pakari, ā, he tino pai te ātete ki te kakahu. I whakamahia whānuitia te kōhatu e Ūropi ki te Hauāuru i roto i ngā mahi hoahoa, tae atu ki te Whare Ariki o Versailles i Parani me te Whare Paremata o Peretānia. Hei tāpiri, i hangaia ngā piramiti o Īhipa mā te whakamahi i ngā poraka kōhatu nui i tapahia tika. He āhua rangatira, he tapu, he rangatira hoki te hoahoa kōhatu. Heoi, nā te nui o te matotoru me te taumaha, he matotoru ake ngā pakitara o ngā hanganga kōhatu, ka whakaiti i te ōwehenga o te papa o te whare. Heoi anō, ka taea te whakamahi hei tohu mō te papai i roto i ngā mahi hoahoa papai, ka hangaia he pānga toi ahurei.
2. Rakau
Ko te rakau, hei rauemi hanga whare tuku iho, he āhuatanga ōna pērā i te māmā, te kaha, te ātaahua, te ngāwari ki te mahi, te whakahou, te hangarua, me te pai ki te taiao me te kore e poke. Nō reira, he tino pai te pumau me te ātete ki te rū whenua o ngā whare hanga rakau. Heoi anō, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki tō te rakau e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanganga. He ngāwari ki te huri i te āhua, te ngatata, te tupu o te pokepokea ai, me te horapa o ngā pepeke. Heoi anō, he ngāwari ki te ahi, ka pā ki tōna kounga me tōna roa.
He rauemi hanga whare tawhito te rakau nā ōna āhuatanga miihini pai rawa atu, ā, kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i ngā mahi hanga mai i ngā wā onamata. Ko ētahi whare pēnei i ētahi wāhanga o te Temepara o Nanchan me te Temepara o Foguang i Maunga Wutai i Haina he tohu hoahoanga noa iho. He papatahi, he kore e rerekē ngā pari o ēnei hanganga, he whānui ngā tuanui, he pūmau te āhua, ā, he momo kāhua tapu, he ngāwari hoki.
I roto i ngā kaupapa hangarau ā-iwi o ēnei rā, ko ngā huānga pēnei i ngā kurupae, ngā pou, ngā tautoko, ngā tatau, ngā matapihi, tae atu ki ngā pokepoke raima, ka whakawhirinaki ki te rakau. Hei rauemi hanga e manawa ana, ka whakarato te rakau i te mahana i te takurua me te mātao i te raumati, ā, ka hangaia te taiao noho tino pai mō te tangata.
Te temepara o Nanchan, Haina
3. Pereki uku
He momo rauemi hanga whare nā te tangata ngā pereki uku. Mō te wā roa, ko ngā pereki uku noa te rauemi pakitara matua mō te hanga whare i Haina. Ko ngā pereki uku e tohuhia ana e tō rātou iti, te māmā, te ngāwari o te hanga, te āhua tika me te ōrite, te kaha ki te pikau kawenga, te kaha ki te whakamahana me te tiaki, tae atu ki te whakapaipai o te mata o te whare. Ko te whakamahinga o ēnei mea i roto i te hanganga he mea nui ki te waihanga i ngā wāhi noho mō te tangata. Ko te Tāone Rāhui he whakaaturanga hoahoanga noa e whakamahi ana i ngā pereki uku. Ko ngā pereki uku āhua ōrite e whakamahia ana mō te mata o waho ka whai wāhi ki te pānga toi whakamiharo o te Tāone Rāhui. Heoi, ko te rauemi mata mō ngā pereki uku he uku tūturu, ā, ko te hanga i aua mea me patu i te whenua ahuwhenua. Mā te haere tonu, kua whakakapia e ētahi atu rauemi. Heoi anō, e kore rawa e mukua tō rātou tūranga i roto i te hītori hoahoanga tangata.
4. Raima
Ko te raima, hei rauemi hanga whare tuku iho, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna kaha ki te hanga, tōna puhoi ki te whakapakeke, tōna kaha iti i muri i te whakapakeketanga, me tōna hekenga nui o te rahinga i te wā e whakapakeketia ana. Ko ōna mano tau o te hītori e whakaatu ana i te whakawhirinaki me te whakawhirinaki o te tangata ki tēnei rauemi. He rauemi hanga nui tonu te raima, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga me ngā ahumahi, pērā i te paninga o roto, te whakaranu i te moata raima me te grout, me te whakarite pereki adobe me te paru.
Waihoki, ko te gypsum, tētahi atu rauemi hanga tawhito tuku iho, e whakamanamana ana ki te nui o ngā rauemi mata, he tukanga whakaputa māmā, he iti te whakapaunga pūngao whakaputa, he kaha te mimiti makuku, he utu tika, ā, he atawhai ki te taiao. He tino pai mō ngā ārai whare hou, ngā whakapaipai, me ngā kaupapa whakaoti. Hei tāpiri, e whakamahia ana mō te hanga i te gypsum plaster me ngā hua gypsum.
Rauemi hanga hou
5. Rino
He mea nui te rino i roto i ngā hoahoanga o ēnei rā hei rauemi hanga. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga o te rino pērā i te māmā engari he kaha teitei, he pai te kirihou me te pakari, te haumaru me te pono, te taumata ahumahi teitei, te tere hanga, te ngāwari ki te wetewete, te pai o ngā āhuatanga hiri, me te ātete wera teitei. Nā ēnei āhuatanga kounga teitei i tino hira ai i roto i ngā hoahoanga o ēnei rā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hanganga rino whānui pērā i ngā taunga rererangi me ngā papa tākaro, ngā hanganga rino whare teitei tae atu ki ngā hōtēra me ngā whare tari, ngā hanganga teitei pērā i ngā pourewa pouaka whakaata me ngā pourewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā hanganga rino anga pereti pērā i ngā tāke rokiroki hinu nui me ngā tāke hau, ngā hanganga rino wheketere ahumahi, ngā hanganga rino māmā pērā i ngā whare putunga iti, ngā hanganga rino piriti, me ngā hanganga rino mō ngā wāhanga neke pērā i ngā ararewa me ngā kerēne.
6. Sima
He rauemi hanga whare hou te sima, ā, he nui ngā whakamahinga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi, ahuwhenua, rauemi wai, kawe waka, whanaketanga tāone, tauranga, me te hanganga parepare. I tēnei ao hou, kua noho hei rauemi hanga tino nui mō ngā kaupapa hanga whare katoa. He rauemi paura kore-waro te sima, ina konatunatua ki te wai, ka hanga he whakapiri wai, he ngāwari hoki te whakakorikori. I roto i te wā, ka pāngia tēnei whakapiri sima e ngā huringa ā-tinana me te matū, ka huri mai i te whakapiri ngāwari ki te totoka whakapakeke me te kaha. Ka taea hoki e ia te hono i ngā papatipu totoka, i ngā rauemi kirikiri rānei hei hanga i tētahi hanganga kotahi. Ehara i te mea ka whakapakeke noa te sima, ka kaha ake hoki ina pā ki te hau, engari ka taea hoki e ia te whakapakeke i roto i te wai, ka mau tonu, ka whakapai ake hoki i tōna kaha. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te sima i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga, me te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga i roto i te miihini ā-iwi, te hanganga hinu me te hau, te hanganga tāpua, te hanganga pereki, te hanganga rori, me ētahi atu.
7. Konukura
He mea nui te raima, hei rauemi hanga whare o ēnei rā, i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga o ēnei rā. He rauemi hanga te raima i hangaia mā te whakaranu i ngā mea here pēnei i te uku, te raima, te gypsum, te pungarehu puia, te uku tūturu rānei me ngā mea whakapūmau pēnei i te onepu, te para, me te kōhatu kuru. He tino pai ōna āhuatanga, tae atu ki te piripono kaha, te pakari, me te ātete ki te wai. Heoi, e kiia ana te raima he rauemi pakarukaru, he kaha te pēhi engari he iti rawa te kaha kume, ā, he ngāwari ki te pakaru.
I te whakaurunga mai o te sima me te maitai, i kitea ko te whakakotahi i ēnei rauemi ka pai ake te kaha o te hononga, ā, ka taea e rāua te whakakī i ngā ngoikoretanga o tētahi ki tētahi me te whakamahi i ō rāua kaha. Mā te whakauru i te whakakaha maitai ki roto i te raima, ehara i te mea ka tiakina te maitai mai i te pānga ki te hau, ka ārai i te waikura engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te kaha kume o te wāhanga hanganga. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o te raima whakakaha, ka whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o ngā tono mō te raima i roto i te hanganga.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hanganga pereki me te kōhatu tuku iho, ki ngā hanganga rakau, me ngā hanganga maitai, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga raima, ā, kua noho hei rauemi hanganga matua mō te hangarau ā-iwi. Heoi anō, kei te haere tonu te whanaketanga me te whanaketanga o ngā momo raima mahi-teitei me ngā momo raima auaha i roto i te ao hanga.
8. Karāhe
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te karāhe me te kirihou, hei rauemi hanga whare hou, kei te whakamahia tonutia i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga o nāianei. Ka taea e te karāhe te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamārama i te rā, te whakapaipai, me te hoahoa o mua, e hangai ana ki ngā hiahia whai hua o te pūngao o ngā hoahoanga hou. Ka kitea te whakamahinga o te karāhe i roto i te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga hanga nā ōna momo rerekē, pērā i te karāhe whakamaroke, te karāhe haurua-whakamaroke, te karāhe whakamahana, te karāhe whakapiri, te karāhe tae, te karāhe pania, te karāhe tauira, te karāhe ātete ahi, te karāhe korehau, me ētahi atu.
Whare Tapere Nui o Shanghai Poly
9. Kirihou
He momo rauemi hanga hou te kirihou, nā tōna mahi tino pai, te whānuitanga o ngā tono, me ngā tūmanako pai, e kiia ana ko te tuawhā o ngā momo rauemi hanga matua i muri i te maitai, te sima, me te rakau i roto i ngā hanganga hou. He whānui ngā tono a te kirihou, mai i ngā tuanui ki ngā mata whenua, mai i ngā whare tūmatanui o waho ki ngā rauemi whakapaipai o roto. I tēnei wā, ko ngā tono tino noa o te kirihou i roto i ngā hanganga ko ngā paipa wai me te rerenga wai, ngā paipa tuku hau, me ngā tatau me ngā matapihi PVC, ā, whai muri ko ngā waea me ngā taura hiko.
Ko tētahi o ngā painga nui o te kirihou ko tōna kaha nui ki te penapena pūngao, ā, he iti ake te whakamahinga pūngao o te hanga me te whakamahinga o ngā hua kirihou ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu rauemi hanga whare. Nō reira, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga tuanui, pakitara, me ngā papa. Kei te whanake tonu te ao o ngā kirihou hoahoanga ki te whai huatanga teitei ake, te pai ake o te mahi, te whānui o te whakamahinga, me te whai hua o te utu.
10. Hiripiri silicone
Ko te hiri silicone he matū rite ki te whakapiri i hangaia mā te whakaranu i te polydimethylsiloxane hei rauemi mata matua me ngā kaihoko honohono, ngā whakakī, ngā mea hanga kirihou, ngā kaihoko honohono, me ngā whakakorikori i raro i ngā āhuatanga korehau. I te pāmahana rūma, ka rongoatia, ka hangaia he rapa silicone pīwariwari mā te tauhohenga ki te makuku i te hau. Ka whakamahia hei hono me te hiri i ngā momo karāhe me ētahi atu papa. I tēnei wā, kei a Eolya ngā hiri maha-mahi, tae atu ki te hiri karāhe, te hiri ātete-huarere, te hiri ātete-ahi, te hiri kōhatu, te hiri hononga whakarewa, te hiri ātete-pokepokea, te hiri hononga whakapaipai, me te hiri karāhe whakamahana, me ētahi atu, e wātea ana i roto i ngā momo me ngā whakaritenga maha.
11. Pahuka Polyurethane (Pahuka PU)
Hei momo rauemi hanga hou, kua aro nuitia te pahuka polyurethane i ngā tau tata nei. Ka hangaia mai i ngā monomer pēnei i te isocyanates me te polyols mā te tauhohenga polymerization, me te hau waro hauhā e puta ana hei kaihoko pahuka. Ka puta he pahuka moroiti piripono i tēnei tauhohenga. Ko te pahuka polyurethane ka whakarōpūtia ki te pahuka polyurethane pakari, te pahuka polyurethane ngāwari, me te pahuka polyurethane āhua-pakari. He rerekē ki te hanganga pūtau-kati o te pahuka polyurethane pakari, he hanganga pūtau-tuwhera te pahuka polyurethane ngāwari, e tohuhia ana e tōna mama, te manawa, me te manawanui pai. Ko te pahuka polyurethane āhua-pakari he momo pahuka pūtau-tuwhera me te pakeke i waenga i te pahuka ngohengohe me te pahuka pakari, ā, he nui ake ngā uara kawenga pēhi. Ko te pahuka polyurethane pakari, he rauemi hanga hou me ngā mahi whakamarumaru me te ārai wai, he iti te kawe wera me te iti o te mātotoru, nō reira e whakamahia pinepine ana hei rauemi whakamarumaru me te ārai wera i roto i te hanganga.
Ki te whakaritea ki ngā rauemi hanga tuku iho, he tino pai ngā painga o te pahuka polyurethane i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te mahi whakamarumaru pai, te ātete kaha ki te ahi, te ātete nui ki te wai, me ngā āhuatanga miihini pumau. Ka taea te whakamahi i te papaanga mā te whakarewa, te rehu rānei hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakamarumaru tonu, ā, kua kitea he whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga i roto i ngā āhuatanga o waho o te whare, o ngā tuanui, o ngā papa, o ngā tatau, o ngā matapihi, me ngā whatunga paipa whakamahana.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rauemi hanga tuku iho me ngā rauemi hanga hou, nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau me ngā tono hoahoa e whanake haere ana, he nui ake ngā painga o ngā rauemi hanga hou i ngā rauemi tuku iho. Nō reira, kua noho nui rātou i roto i te hoahoanga o nāianei, engari ko ngā rauemi hanga tuku iho he mahi tāpiri. Ko ngā rauemi hanga hou pēnei i te maitai, te sima, te raima, te karāhe, me ngā mea whakakotahi kua pakaru i ngā here o te āhua me te rahi i whakatakotoria e ngā rauemi tuku iho pēnei i te kōhatu, te rakau, te pereki uku, me te raima gypsum. Kua āwhina i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga teitei, hohonu, ā, kua tutuki hoki ngā tono o te hanganga tāone, e hangai ana ki ngā ia o te tiaki taiao me te tiaki pūngao i roto i te hapori hou.
Wā tuku: 31 o Ākuhata-2023
